Basic knowledge of animal cells

1What is a battery and secondary battery?

An ordinary dry battery is only used once,laptop battery Also known as secondary batteries may be rechargeable batteries. Secondary batteries in the power-type battery (or traction batteries) is the electric vehicle is currently the main power supply.

2, A battery and secondary battery What's the difference? ?

The electrochemical nature of the decision within the battery of the type of battery is rechargeable, according to their electrochemical composition and structure of electrodes we can see the real rechargeable battery between the internal structure of the reaction is reversible. In theory, this reversibility is not affected by the impact of cycles, since the charge and discharge in the electrode size and structure caused by reversible changes, then the internal rechargeable battery must be designed to support this change, since, once the battery is only done a discharge,Toshiba Tecra 9000 Battery, Toshiba Tecra 9100 Battery, it is much simpler and does not require the internal structure to support this change, therefore, can not be brought once the battery charge, this approach is also very very dangerous economic, if you need to re-use, should choose the real number of cycles in the350Times about rechargeable batteries, such batteries may also be referred to as secondary batteries or battery.

Another obvious difference is their energy and load capacity, and self-discharge rate, rechargeable battery power than a battery of high, but their load capacity is relatively small.

3, Rechargeable battery is how to achieve its energy conversion?

Each battery has a capacity of electrochemical conversion, will convert stored chemical energy directly into electrical energy, on the secondary battery (also called battery) case (also known as another term so that portable rechargeable batteries), in the discharge process is to convert chemical energy into electrical energy; and in the process of charging, this will re-converted into electrical energy to chemical energy. Such a process according to electrochemical systems,Toshiba Laptop Battery generally charge and discharge500Or more times.

4Electric bicycle battery What are the characteristics?

Electric bicycle battery is a power-type battery, it can be characterized by large current discharge within a certain period of time for motor vehicle operation, and can maintain a certain period of time to run a certain distance.

Car battery power and the fixed battery, such as the instrument batteries, electricity, communication systems batteries, starter batteries, the performance is different from the structure to its charge and discharge in different ways,Toshiba Tecra 9000 Battery, Toshiba Tecra 9100 Battery, it is not universal.

5Electric bicycle battery is how to classify it?

From the big perspective, once the battery cell sub -(Electric vehicle power supply has become history to do it), Secondary batteries and fuel cells. Car batteries according to the nature of acidic and alkaline electrolyte, according to shape into a square and cylindrical, are divided into per-use mobile and fixed by use of divided power type, starter type and ordinary type, according to structural sub - for the open type and enclosed structure. Of which: there are different forms of lead-acid batteries, such as from the structure is divided into a high profile with the type and dwarf type; according to the state is divided into rich acidic electrolyte fluid type, fluid type and colloid electrolyte depleted of three, according to the plate structure is divided into plate, roll and tubular.

At present conventional battery-electric vehicles are mainly lead-acid batteries, nickel-metal hydride batteries, Toshiba Tecra 9100 Battery, nickel-zinc batteries, lead-acid batteries Among them, the most popular and the remaining two kinds of Naishi is still small. The main reason is the market action did not begin, there is no formation of LO products for electric vehicles the size of output, prices do not had not yet been accepted by the majority of users, but will soon enter the boom. Technical success of the other three cell--Lithium-ion batteries, zinc-air battery is the second nickel-metal hydride, nickel-zinc batteries after the upgrade products; fuel cell prices are still sky high, mainly due to the high cost of proton exchange membrane preparation, catalytic metals are precious things, certain techniques still need to improve the not a large scale into the areas of production, still6 ~ 8Years to spread.

56Lead-acid battery discharge rate and the use of care?

The same power motors, rated voltage is different, absolutely different from the speed of consumption.Toshiba Tecra 9000 Battery, Toshiba Tecra 9100 Battery, For example: same180WElectric motor, rated voltage24VWhen current is7.5A; And rated voltage36V, The current is only5AThey use the same battery capacity, combined for the36VTo5ACurrent discharge, electro-chemical reaction is slow, while the combination of24VTo7.5ACurrent discharge, electro-chemical reaction will be relatively intense, it is better to5ADischarge calmly.

Batteries0.5CThe following current discharge is the economy. What0.5C?C: That is the battery capacity,C2Express the view that2Hours release rate of discharge of the battery when the determination of the actual capacity obtained. This means that the calibration for theC2Capacity, should be released half an hour capacity (0.5C2) Is consistent with the capacity requirements, if more than0.5C2, It is necessary to discount the capacity of the. But also for the battery life adversely.

Now, in order to2Hours the rate of discharge capacity of marked12AhThe battery should be marked asC2= 12AhSo0.5C2= 0.5×12 = 6A. So12AhOf batteries0.5CDischarge,Toshiba Tecra 9000 Battery, is the current6A.10AhBattery0.5A.

The battery to work long hours, the output of the operating current of not more than the battery rated capacityCxIndeed/ X,XThe battery is rated when the next rate, which is the principle of choice.XIs2, They should be2Hour discharge rate;XValue3, Then the use of time should be3Hours to consider.

Rechargeable Battery Knowledge

Ni-MH battery also has memory effect, but no significant nickel-cadmium batteries. The most obvious is the memory effect of lithium batteries.

Memory effect is not obvious means you can charge several times,laptop battery or even every charge there should not be too exhausted to fight on the impact. Therefore, the use of nickel-metal hydride batteries are used, generally without regard to discharge and direct recharge.

Of course, from the perspective of extending life, in the charging and discharging about 30-50 times, you can do a deep discharge, in order to return to maximum capacity.

Discharge is not as simple as AUDIOPHONE said, then a small light bulbs do not shine until you can. Done so often over-discharge, but hurt the battery.

We all know that a nickel-metal hydride battery rated voltage is at 1.2V, the time has just filled with electricity actually exceed the value, generally between 1.4-1.5V. With the use of, the voltage will gradually decrease, in general, the use of occasions, when the voltage drops below 1V, the on basic can not be used, for example, WALKMAN, CD DISKMAN, MD, MP3, DC and so on. You can test your "electric run out" of the battery voltage is.

However, if the use of the occasion is a low-voltage, low current discharge will continue to use. We are talking about generally refers to the depth of discharge voltage drops to between 0.85V-0.9V. Through low-voltage, low current discharge, to achieve this value when the nickel-metal hydride batteries (including Ni-Cd) can be restored to maximum capacity, to extend the service life. However, if it continues to discharge below 0.8V when the battery is likely to result in irreversible damage, but that affect the battery life. This is why the method is not recommended AUDIOPHONE the reason why you can not control voltage to a certain value is automatically stopped. Similarly, nickel-cadmium batteries and nickel-metal hydride batteries are not recommended for remote control device like a small electrical current.

Battery deep discharge better way is to buy a discharge function of a special charger or discharger. The most simple solution is to use AUDIOPHONE approach, but must always use the table read voltage value, once the danger zone stopped immediately.

If it is in series, then simply multiplied by the battery voltage value above the number on it.

Let me now do not have the battery on long-term conservation and restoration methods. IBM Laptop Battery Note that, because the nickel-cadmium batteries and nickel-metal hydride battery characteristics are different, so different preservation methods leaves. Nickel-cadmium batteries is to run out to save electricity,IBM ThinkPad 660 Battery, IBM ThinkPad A20 Battery, so we bought before the new nickel-cadmium batteries is a basic no electricity and need to reset their own. In general, use the correct charging method takes about 3-5 times in order to charge the battery discharge back to top condition. The nickel-metal hydride batteries to long-term preservation, it should be charged to 80% (which we all should be counted), and then save. That is why now buy a new nickel-metal hydride battery power came back somewhat the reason why manufacturers have pre-charge, to prevent the transport cycle time too long, while the battery is affected. Long-term preservation of the nickel-metal hydride batteries, when I first power run out, and then the right way to charge-discharge 2-3 times it can be restored to the best of. (After dinner, and continue to! Hehe)

Let me say on the charging issue. In fact, the most difficult to master is the correct charge.

Charge from the charge current to points, a fast charge and slow charge difference.

From the charging point of view, there is constant current charging and pulse charging the difference.

Many people have asked this question, what is good or slow filling fast charge better.

Then we first take a look at what is too fast or slow charge and what is sufficient.

With a nominal capacity of the battery 1C, the 0.1-0.2C charge current is slow charge,> 0.2C for the fast-charge,> 0.8C for ultra-fast charging, <= 0.05C other hand, is trickle charge . With a 1400MAH Ni-MH battery, for example, the charge current between the 140MA-280MA for the slow charge, while the same 280MA charging current, battery 700MAH for a while is a fast charge. Thus, fast charge or slow charge is a relative concept, and the capacity of the battery itself has great relevance.

And then return to the previous question, what is good or fast slow good? ! In fact there's no fixed answer. Many people think that slow is good, that will hurt the battery charge faster. Fast charge will hurt the battery Mody? The answer is yes, but not because a lot of people think the "high current charging damage the battery." High-current is at best an accomplice,IBM ThinkPad 660 Battery, IBM ThinkPad A20 Battery, the real reason is that fever, due to high current caused by fever. Too high a temperature for a great impact on battery life. So large current is not so terrible headache is how to solve the heating problems.

Here, it is necessary to introduce constant current charging and pulse charging concept. The slow filling, IBM ThinkPad 660 Battery, it is basically all of the chargers have adopted the constant current charging method, this circuit design is relatively simple, easy to implement. And because the charge current in the slow range and do not cause the battery overheating problems. By using fast-charge current issues, re-use constant current mode, no doubt can not avoid the battery overheating issue, so constant of the method was abandoned. Instead, the pulse mode can be seen from the waveform on the charge current output is not linear, but the sine wave. Peak, the current maximum, and then immediately into the trough, almost no current. This design is intended to allow the battery to have a recovery time, thus reducing the heat generated by high current, so that the battery heat control at an acceptable level. Now on the market to see rapid charger hundred yuan basically have adopted this approach. And such charger also used to determine the slope of the voltage delta to determine law or laws to determine whether the battery is full, once filled automatically turn to trickle charge, so as to avoid large current over time damage the battery. Well-known example is the comparison between netizens recommended fresh cattle KN5060 charger. The Chargers are in major electronics market, the basic rooms in the 65-70 win, is not very fine workmanship, but the result was good, belongs to a very high price products.

Pulse mode to produce fast-charger is a good solution, but for some abnormal requirements, such as 1 hour quick charger, this time to adopt the ultra high-speed greater than 1C charge current to carry out charging, pulse method on insufficient. Is now used internationally are basically depolarization pulse method plus an integrated fashion. Simply put, that is, based on the pulse method, when a sine wave in the upper half is completed, insert a short negative voltage of the cosine wave, to offset the excessive large amount of heat generated by the current (depolarization), thus the battery heat under control. This approach generally only in more specialized chargers, such as model aircraft used by the professional players use the charger. Such chargers are often can be done with the 2C-3C of the current on the battery charge time.

Said these methods, from the perspective of battery life, slow constant-current charge is undoubtedly the best way to ensure battery life. However, time is money point of view, rapid charger savings benefits of the time, battery life than the damage the loss of about 10% larger. This is why fast-charger is very popular.

Finally talk about chewing gum battery. Many MP3 players on the MD player that you do not make use of chewing gum batteries do otherwise, IBM ThinkPad A20 Battery, we were both playing time, how can so much worse.

This idea is wrong, chewing gum battery is only a form of battery, in essence, remains a nickel-metal hydride batteries. In other words, a 1350MAH battery and one of the chewing gum on the 5th of 1350MAH Ni-MH battery playback is the same, no difference. In fact 5 nickel-metal hydride batteries have emerged 1800MAH capacity, far more than chewing gum battery. Gum battery production, IBM ThinkPad 660 Battery, IBM ThinkPad A20 Battery,is to do as far as possible the thin Walkman devices, on the 5th battery specifications do not thin, but 7 also sets the battery capacity of the small size, so small Japanese brought up this way, not because the gum battery capacity is particularly great. And the gum where there are nickel-metal hydride batteries and nickel cadmium difference between the early gum nickel-cadmium batteries but only 600MAH, not now on the 7th largest 750MAH Ni-MH battery

Knowledge about the battery

Li-ion battery series problem


Since the battery in the production process, from start to become a finished film to go through a lot of working procedure. Even after rigorous testing procedures so that each power supply voltage, resistance, capacity of the same, but with a period of time, laptop battery will produce this or that difference. As a mother gives birth to twins, just gave birth may grow exactly the same as a mother it is difficult to distinguish. However, two children were growing, they will produce this or that differences in lithium battery power as well. Generate differences in the use of a period of time following the introduction of the overall voltage control approach is difficult to apply in lithium-powered batteries, such as a 36V battery stack, we must use 10 cells in series. The overall charge control voltage is 42V, the discharge control voltage is 26V. With the overall voltage control mode, the initial use of phase coherence are particularly good because the battery might not be any problems. After a period of time using the battery internal resistance and voltage fluctuations generated, forming an inconsistent state, (inconsistency is absolute consistency is relative) This is still used when the overall voltage control can not achieve its purpose. For example, 10 of which two battery discharge the battery voltage is 2.8V, four battery voltage is 3.2V, 4 only 3.4V, the current overall voltage is 32V, we let it continue to discharge worked to 26V. In this way, then two 2.8V batteries lower than the 2.6V is the over-discharge state. Lithium batteries is equivalent to a few over-discharge scrap. On the contrary, with the overall voltage control charging way charging, there will overcharge condition. For example using the above 10 state of the battery charging voltage at the time. The overall voltage reaches 42V, that's two 2.8V batteries in the \ "Hunger \" state, and rapid absorption capacity, it will more than 4.2V, while the overcharge of more than 4.2V batteries, not only by the high voltage generated scrap and will even dangerous, that is, the characteristics of lithium-powered batteries.

　　


Lithium-ion battery rated at 3.6V (some products are 3.7V). When fully charged the termination charge voltage and battery anode materials relate to: the anode material is graphite 4.2V; anode material for coke 4.1V. Resistance of different anode materials are also different, slightly larger internal resistance of coke anode and the discharge curve is also slightly different, as shown in Figure 1. Commonly referred to as 4.1V and 4.2V Li-ion battery Lithium-ion batteries. Now used mostly 4.2V, and the termination of lithium-ion battery discharge voltage 2.5V ~ 2.75V (battery factory operating voltage range is given, or given the termination of the discharge voltage, the parameters slightly different). IBM Laptop Battery Less than the termination of discharge voltage to continue to discharge known as the over-discharge, over-discharge of the battery will be damaged.

　　


Portable electronic products to the battery as a power supply. With the rapid development of portable products, all kinds of greatly increased battery usage, and has developed many new battery. In addition we are familiar with high-performance alkaline batteries, rechargeable nickel-cadmium batteries, nickel-metal hydride batteries, there is in recent years, the development of lithium batteries. This article introduces the basic knowledge related to lithium batteries.IBM ThinkPad A21 Battery, IBM ThinkPad A22 Battery, IBM ThinkPad A30 Battery, This includes its characteristics, the main parameters, models of meaning, application and use for attention.

　　


Lithium is a metallic element, its chemical symbol Li (its English name lithium), is a silvery white, very soft, lively and chemical properties of metal, the metal is the lightest. In addition to its application outside the atomic energy industry, can produce special alloys, special glass (TV screen glass used), and lithium batteries. In lithium batteries use it as a battery anode.

　　


Lithium batteries are also divided into two categories: non-rechargeable and rechargeable types. Non-rechargeable battery known as the disposable batteries, it can only be a one-time chemical energy into electrical energy, electrical energy can not be restored back to chemical energy (or restore the performance of poor). The rechargeable battery is called secondary batteries (also known as batteries). It would be chemical energy into electrical energy stored in the use of time, and then convert chemical energy into electrical energy, which is reversible, such as chemical energy lithium batteries power the main features.

　　


Smart portable electronics products require light weight and size of filial piety, but the battery size and weight compared with other electronic components are often the largest and most heavy. For example, I remember when the "Big Brother" is very "thick, heavy," while today's cell phone is so light. IBM ThinkPad A21 Battery, One improvement is the battery played a significant role: in the past is a nickel-cadmium batteries, lithium-ion batteries are now.

　　


The biggest characteristic of lithium batteries is higher than the energy. What is the specific energy then? Refers to the specific energy per unit weight or unit volume of energy. With the specific energy Wh / kg or Wh / L to represent. Wh is a unit of energy, W is watts, h is the hours; kg is 1000 grams (weight units), L is liters (volume units). To give an example to illustrate: 5, nickel-cadmium batteries rated voltage 1 2V, its capacity is 800mAh, then its energy 0 96Wh (1 2V × 0 8Ah). 5, the same size Lithium - Manganese Dioxide battery rated at 3V,IBM ThinkPad A21 Battery, IBM ThinkPad A22 Battery, IBM ThinkPad A30 Battery, its capacity is 1200mAh, then its energy of 3 6Wh. Both the battery size is the same, then the lithium - manganese dioxide battery is a nickel-cadmium battery specific energy of 375 times!

　　


1 5 nickel-cadmium batteries, weighing about 23g, while a 5 Lithium - Manganese Dioxide Battery weighs about 18g. 1 Lithium - Manganese Dioxide battery 3V, while the two nickel-cadmium battery only 2 4V. Therefore, when the battery using a small number of lithium battery (to reduce size of portable electronic products to reduce the weight of filial piety), and long battery operating life.

　　


In addition, the lithium battery with a discharge voltage stability, operating temperature range, self-discharge rate is low, storage, long life, no memory effect and pollution-free and so on.

　　


The drawback is that lithium batteries are expensive, so it is not yet widely used, mainly used in handheld computers, PDA, communications equipment, cameras, satellites, missiles, torpedoes, equipment and so on. Along with technological development, process improvement and production increase in the price of lithium batteries will continue to decline, applications will be more common.

　　


Non-rechargeable lithium batteries

　　


Non-rechargeable lithium batteries have a variety of currently used are lithium - manganese dioxide batteries, IBM ThinkPad A22 Battery, lithium - thionyl chloride batteries and lithium batteries and other compounds. This article describes only the first two of the most commonly used.

1, lithium - manganese dioxide batteries (Li MnO2)

Lithium - Manganese Dioxide Lithium battery is a kind of anode to manganese dioxide as cathode, and a one-time use of organic electrolyte batteries. The main characteristics of the battery cell voltage is high, rated voltage of 3V (an ordinary alkaline batteries 2 times); the termination of the discharge voltage of 2V; than the energy of large (see above examples); discharge voltage is stable and reliable; a good storage properties (storage time 3 years), self-discharge rate is low (annual self-discharge rate ≤ 2%); Operating temperature range -20 ℃ ~ +60 ℃.

　　


The battery can be made into a different shape to meet different requirements, it has a rectangular, cylindrical and button-shaped (button). There are also different cylindrical diameter and height measurements. Here are all the more familiar one # (size of the code D),IBM ThinkPad A21 Battery, IBM ThinkPad A22 Battery, IBM ThinkPad A30 Battery, 2 # (size of Code C) and 5 # (size of the code AA) batteries main parameters.

　　


CR is expressed as cylindrical lithium - manganese dioxide battery; five figures, the first two that the diameter of the battery, the latter three, said with a decimal level. For example, CR14505, whose diameter is 14mm, height of 50 5mm (this model is generic).

　　


Here we must point out that the same plant are different types of batteries may be some differences in their parameters. In addition, the standard discharge current value is smaller, the actual discharge current can be larger than the standard discharge current, and the continuous discharge and pulse discharge permit discharge current is different from the battery plant to provide relevant data. For example, Li Hing power produced by CR14505 gives maximum continuous discharge current of 1000mA, maximum pulse discharge current up to 2500mA.

　　


The camera using lithium batteries are mostly lithium - manganese dioxide battery. Here the camera commonly used in lithium - manganese dioxide battery included in Table 2, for reference.

　　


Button type (button) batteries smaller, its diameter 12 5 ~ 24 5mm, height 1 6 ~ 5 0mm.IBM ThinkPad A30 Battery, Several more commonly used button batteries as shown in Table 3.

　　


CR for the cylindrical lithium - manganese dioxide battery, the last four digits in the first two for the diameter size of the battery, the latter two with a decimal point for the height measurements. For example, CR1220 diameter of 12 5mm (not including the number after the decimal point), its height is 2 0mm. This model that is universal.

　　


This button batteries commonly used in clock, calculator, electronic notebook, cameras, hearing aids, IBM ThinkPad A21 Battery, IBM ThinkPad A22 Battery, IBM ThinkPad A30 Battery, electronic games, IC cards, backup power supplies.

　　


2, lithium - thionyl Chloride Battery (Li SOCl2)

　　


Lithium - thionyl chloride battery is the highest specific energy of a current can be achieved 500Wh/kg or 1000Wh / L level. Its rated voltage is 3 6V, medium-current discharge with a very flat discharge characteristics of 3 4V (available at 90% of capacity to discharge within the flat to keep small change). The battery can be -40 ℃ ~ +85 ℃, within the scope of work, but in -40 ℃ ambient temperature when the volume capacity of about 50%. Self-discharge rate is low (annual self-discharge rate ≤ 1%), storage life of up to 10 years.

　　


With a # (size of the code D) nickel-cadmium batteries and 1 # lithium - thionyl chloride battery than the energy to make a comparison: 1 # nickel-cadmium batteries rated voltage 1 2V, a capacity of 5000mAh; 1 # lithium - thionyl chloride rated voltage

On the cell phone lithium battery of knowledge(2)

In mobile phones, both from a technical point of view or from the assessment of price considerations, the battery occupy an important position. Until now, the market is selling mobile phones in use has been basically completed the battery from nickel batteries to lithium batteries transition. Perhaps because of mobile phone battery has just completed a nickel batteries to the lithium battery revolution, so people's understanding of lithium batteries are not uniform, in many cases is not correct to say and practice is quite popular. Therefore,Hp laptop battery
to understand that the lithium batteries have a good grasp of the proper use of lithium batteries is necessary.

1, lithium battery types:

Currently on the market used mainly nickel-metal hydride secondary battery (Ni-MH) and lithium-ion (Li-ion) types. Lithium-ion batteries have been mass production of liquid lithium-ion battery (LiB) and polymer lithium-ion battery (LiP) two kinds. Therefore, in many cases, the battery on the mark of the Li-ion must be the lithium-ion battery. But not necessarily that of liquid lithium-ion battery,HP 346970-001 Battery, HP HSTNN-DB02 Battery, HP HSTNN-UB02 Battery also possible that the polymer lithium-ion battery.

Lithium-ion battery is a lithium battery improved products. Lithium batteries have a long time ago, but lithium is a highly active (remember it's location in the periodic table do?) Of metal, it is not very safe when used often in charge when burning, burst situation, then there is an improved lithium-ion batteries, lithium can inhibit the added element of active ingredients (such as cobalt, manganese, etc.) so that lithium really achieve safe, efficient, convenient, while the old lithium batteries also will be basically eliminated. As to how to distinguish them from the battery's label will be able to identify, lithium battery for Li, lithium-ion battery for Li-ion. Now, laptops and cell phones using the so-called "lithium batteries", in fact, are lithium-ion battery.

The basic structure of modern batteries, including cathode, anode and electrolyte three elements. As a kind of battery,HP 346970-001 Battery, lithium-ion battery also has these three elements. General lithium-ion technology uses a liquid or inorganic gel electrolyte, requiring a solid combustible shell to accommodate the active ingredient, which increases the battery weight and cost, but also limits the size and styling flexibility. In general, liquid lithium-ion secondary battery is a minimum thickness of 6mm, a further reduction on the more difficult.

The so-called polymer lithium-ion batteries are the three main structures in at least one or more use of polymer materials as its main battery system.

A new generation of polymer lithium-ion polymer battery technology is already very high degree, so the shape can be of thin (the thinnest 0.5 mm), of any size and any shape of greatly increased battery Flexible Design , so it can meet the demand, made any shape and capacity of the battery. At the same time, polymer lithium-ion battery unit of energy than the current lithium-ion batteries in general increased by 50%, of its capacity, charge-discharge characteristics, security, operating temperature range, cycle life and environmental performance in such aspects as compared with large lithium-ion battery rate increase.

Currently marketed in liquid lithium-ion (LiB) over-charging the battery case,HP 346970-001 Battery, HP HSTNN-DB02 Battery, HP HSTNN-UB02 Battery and therefore likely to cause safety valve ruptured fire situation, it is very dangerous, so the need to protect the IC circuit installed to ensure that the battery does not happen over - charge of the case. The polymer lithium-ion batteries, this type of battery lithium-ion batteries in terms of the relative liquid has good resistance to charge and discharge characteristics, we add the external IC circuit protection requirements may be appropriately relaxed. In addition, in the charge, the polymer lithium-ion batteries can take advantage of IC constant current charge, and lithium-ion secondary battery used in CCCV (Constant Currert-Constant Voltage) charge means the time required for comparison, HP HSTNN-DB02 Battery, can shorten a lot of waiting time.

2, mobile phone manufacturers the application of lithium batteries

Although in recent years almost all manufacturers have a preference for lithium-ion batteries, but the world's major mobile phone manufacturers the choice of the battery still has its own characteristics and habits, for example, has been in the same historical period:

Nokia: use of Ni-MH (Ni-MH) battery, LiB (liquid lithium-ion) batteries, did not use LiP (polymer lithium-ion) batteries.

Ericsson: The Ni-MH battery, LiB battery, LiP batteries.

Motorola: use of Ni-MH battery, LiB batteries, not used LiP batteries.

Not difficult to discover, from a cell phone the first choice of LiP polymer lithium-ion batteries on this matter, Ericsson demonstrated the true nature of their own cell phone technology pioneer. According to the information I find suggest that the current manufacturing polymer lithium-ion batteries in Japan SONY,HP HSTNN-UB02 Battery, Panasonic, GS and so several companies in 2000 production reached 21 million, of which 50% of Ericsson's mobile phone parts. Today, entering in 2002, lithium-ion battery in the other cell phone handset manufacturers have a wide range of application and popularization. However,HP 346970-001 Battery, HP HSTNN-DB02 Battery, HP HSTNN-UB02 Battery the use of polymer lithium-ion battery, but is also far from reaching the product of all mobile phone manufacturers has been popularized in the extent to take some time before wide application.

On the other hand, although the advantages of lithium-ion battery lot, but there are shortcomings, such as charge and discharge times of high prices and less and so on. Lithium battery charging and discharging of the number of only 400-600 times, specially modified products, but many times 800. The nickel-metal hydride rechargeable batteries for more than 700 times to achieve certain quality and a good product charge and discharge up to 1,200 times, so that a comparison, the nickel-metal hydride battery live longer than the lithium batteries. In addition, the price of nickel-metal hydride batteries are also much lower than the lithium batteries. Moreover, strictly speaking, lithium batteries have the same memory effect, except that it's very low memory effect, this is basically negligible.

View of this, there is no perfect battery.

the type and quality of the charger status, use the recommended

(1) Direct Charge

Directly plugged into the kind of mobile phones, some people like to call travel charger, and we used to call "adapters." Hp laptop battery This charger with the phone has equipped, original quality are good, notably that the charge that, so the charge current designs are high (Strictly speaking, under the control of the mobile phone charging current), charge time is short. Some phones after the trickle fill is full of electricity, some cell phones as soon as full cut-off, and so on down are futile. The concept of reading the above you should know that it is normal, and no longer foolish to wait for 14 hours.

For the direct charge of the charging effect, depend on cell phones, because the charge control circuit in the phone, its cut-off voltage of a certain degree of discreteness, I actually measured the same batches of the same type of basic cell phone in between 4.09V to 4.21V. That is, if 4.09V cut-off, and not filled, less than optimal capacity, and then continue to charge for some time may be even more saturated. But do not forget, even if there is trickle fill power mobile phones, like the 4.09 and 4.21 of the difference in charging voltage, HP Presario X6000 Battery, HP Pavilion ZV5000 Battery(hp zv5000 battery), HP Pavilion ZV6000 Battery(hp zv6000 battery)
like mobile phones trickle fill electric current of a certain discrete nature of electric current is large if the supplement, and it becomes charged , and 10 hours, also have damage to the battery, I have encountered many rechargeable batteries in mobile phones a bad phenomenon also has original power, brand power, too. If the rechargeable battery is broken, causing leakage and so on, may also damage the device, it is proposed that if Members really want to make up electricity, should be controlled in 2 hours, not to exceed 8 hours.

My view is that lithium is very finicky, the charge can be fed enough. Less time but more than half a year a few hours, and each multi-purpose a few hours, but less for half a year to measure their own bar.

But the original direct charge when there are problems, we encountered a group of mobile phones are equipped with a high failure rate of the direct charge of the phenomenon. Fortunately, the fault is no voltage, high voltage if it is nice to look at the.

The market there are a large number of non-original AC adapter,HP Presario X6000 Battery, good quality is no problem with poor quality you can imagine because you are in the 220V AC plug at one end, on the other side of the phone ... ... So, in my personal view, not proposed to use non-original replacement.HP Presario X6000 Battery, HP Pavilion ZV5000 Battery(hp zv5000 battery), HP Pavilion ZV6000 Battery(hp zv6000 battery)
(At least original of the trouble there to give you back pot)

(2) Charger

That there are two slots, can be put in front of mobile phone, put the battery back, needs, and adapters used in conjunction. Original of the Charger better quality, and many have a "smart", and some brands of been able to achieve constant voltage constant current charging process, and in charge there is a trickle after the end of the process of fill power. While some brands did not do constant current constant voltage process, but parameters such as current and voltage control accuracy is good.

The so-called intelligence, is actually very simple, such as the MOTOROLA battery, the inside has a chip (read-only memory ROM), curing a number of encoding, insert the battery charger, the charger read out code, I know what kind of battery, the implementation of the corresponding charging process, all pre-arranged. (Different models, different capacity, the supply of different regions, and even with different brands of batteries, the code is different),

To play a simple analogy, I called one, you would hit the first implementation of the program, I called two, you would hit the second implementation of the program, I did not shout, or I cry with you three, but I had no agreement is good, refused to implementation, the phenomenon is the charger the red light flashes and can not charge (on the phone on the display of non-approved batteries).HP Pavilion ZV5000 Battery What all of us to imagine, there are microcontroller CPU control.

"Smart" is also reflected in other area of concern is the battery NTC (thermistor) and the standard resistance, different standards by different resistance of the battery and charger constitute a loop to determine the size of the charge current, while in the charge current decision , but also according to different ambient temperature, by thermal resistance and charger constitute another loop to adjust the charge current size. (Some batteries only thermal resistance, and some cells only a standard resistance, and some cells have two.)

For example, a certain type of battery, thin and thick electric power capacity of the different, the best charge current should also be different, so that two batteries standard resistance is different, so that the charger "knows" how much for the electricity to charge a thin current electricity to much for the thick charge current. In fact, the initiative is also a party batteries, charger and battery but only constitute a loop.

By the same token, when the charge temperature changes, thermistor resistance changes,HP Presario X6000 Battery, HP Pavilion ZV5000 Battery(hp zv5000 battery), HP Pavilion ZV6000 Battery(hp zv6000 battery)
and constitute a circuit to adjust the charger the size of the charge current to protect the battery to prevent overheating.

Now you know why the battery and the Charger battery slots there is a row of metal contact pads of the bar.

Smart "much better than this."

Of course, you also know that a battery should be qualified to do anything right? Sometimes can not be entirely charger, the battery did a poor job, the charger has no role to play. At present, many domestic battery instead of the NTC resistor with the ordinary in order to reduce costs, loss of the role of current adjustment,HP Pavilion ZV6000 Battery as well as the design material selection reasonable, etc., this is a digression, first refrain from that. (Also makes sense, of them are listed on the clear)

Trickle Charger original complement of electrical current is generally controlled by relatively accurate, but the green light in the charger to power two hours after the meeting that is enough. Or this principle, for the lithium electricity, to achieve the capacity of batteries should be enough to achieve can be more futile charge. Pressed lithium will have to pay life, occasionally a few 14 hours may not damage the battery, but by convention so bad.

On the cell phone lithium battery of knowledge

This part is the focus of this article, we talk about three points.

1, how to charge the battery for a new

The use of lithium batteries should be noted that a period of time after the battery is placed into hibernation,Hp laptop battery
lower than normal capacity at this time, use of time has also come to shorten. However, lithium batteries can easily activated, as long as after 3-5 times the normal charge-discharge cycles the battery can be activated to restore to normal capacity. As the lithium battery's own characteristics, its decision is almost no memory effect. Mobile phones so users of the new lithium battery in the activation process does not require special methods and equipment. Not only the theory that, from my own practice point of view, from the outset on the use of standard method of charging that "activation" approach is the best.

For the lithium battery "activate" problem, many say is: recharge time must be more than 12 hours, HP DP390A Battery, HP PP2100 Battery, HP Presario R3000 Battery(compaq r3000 battery),repeated three times to do in order to activate the battery. This "The first three charging more than 12 hours to charge" was obviously from the nickel battery (such as nickel cadmium and nickel metal hydride) inherited from the argument. Therefore, this argument can be said that a beginning of miscommunication. Lithium batteries and nickel battery charge and discharge characteristics are very big difference, but also very clear to tell you that I have gone through all the serious official stressed that technical information and charge-off will discharge lithium batteries, especially lithium liquid ion battery causing great harm. Accordance with the standard charge and therefore the best time and the standard method of charging, in particular, not to carry out more than 12 hours of super-long charge. Typically, the statement introduced mobile phone charging method is suitable for the mobile phone standard method of charging.

In addition, lithium batteries cell phone or the charger will automatically stop after the battery is full charge, there is no electricity nickel charger for 10 hours of the so-called "trickle" charge. In other words, if your lithium batteries in full, on the white charger is also sufficient. And we can not guarantee that no one battery charge and discharge protection circuit features and never change and the quality of fail-safe, so your battery will be a long-term at the brink of danger. This is also another charge against the chief reason.

In addition, in some mobile phones, charging more than a certain time, if they do not remove the charger, this time not only to stop charging system will start to discharge - charge cycle. Perhaps the makers of this approach has its own purpose, it is clear that the battery and cell phone / charger is detrimental in terms of life expectancy. At the same time, long charging would take a long time, often at night, but to our power grid situation, at night in many places higher than the voltage, but also volatile. As already said, HP DP390A Battery, the lithium batteries is very precious, and it more than nickel in the electric charge and discharge aspects of fluctuations in the capacity of resistance is much less, so this brings additional risk.

In addition, another aspect can not be ignored is the lithium battery is also not suitable for over-discharge, over-discharge of lithium batteries is also very unfavorable. This leads to the following questions.

2, normal use should be when to start charging

In our forums, often see this argument, because the number of charging and discharging is limited, so phone the battery should be used up as much as possible recharge. But I found one on the lithium-ion battery charge and discharge cycle test table,HP DP390A Battery, HP PP2100 Battery, HP Presario R3000 Battery(compaq r3000 battery), on the cycle life data is as follows:

Cycle life (10% DOD):> 1000 times

Cycle life (100% DOD):> 200 times

DOD is the depth of discharge in which the English abbreviation. Can be seen from the table may be the depth of charge and discharge times, 10% DOD cycle life than when the 100% DOD for much longer. Of course, if the actual charge equivalent to the relative total capacity: 10% * 1000 = 100,100% * 200 = 200, the latter a full charge and discharge, or better than some, but in front of friends do say that some of the amendments: Under normal case, you should have a reserve battery power is left in accordance with the principle of charging run out of charge again, but if your battery in your first two days can not be expected to persist throughout the day, when they should start on time charge, of course, if you are willing to back the charger to the office again a different matter.

And you need to recharge in order to cope with the anticipated upcoming busy communications will lead to an important event, even though there are a lot of battery power over time, then you just charge ahead, because you are not really lost, "a" sub-charge cycle life , that is, "0.x" times only, HP PP2100 Battery, and often this x will be very small.

Run out of battery power and then filling the remainder of the principle is not want you to go to the extreme. And long, like charging a widespread view that "as far as possible the cell phone battery power runs out, it is best to use automatic shutdown." This is really just practice on nickel batteries, The purpose is to avoid the memory effect occurs, unfortunately, it is also spread of lithium batteries on this. It has been too low because the cell phone battery warning appears, still do not charge to continue to use the example has been used in automatic shutdown. The results in this case, cell phone charging and starting later in the no response, had to give customer service overhaul. In fact, this is because of the battery caused by excessive electrical discharges in low voltage, so that does not have the normal charge and the boot and conditions.

3, for lithium batteries cell phones right way

To sum up, I lithium batteries used in mobile phone charging and discharging, the most important tips are:

1, in accordance with standards and procedures, charging time, even the first three have to do so;

2, When the phone prompts when electricity is too low, we should try to begin charging a timely manner;

3, lithium batteries do not need to activate the special method,HP DP390A Battery, HP PP2100 Battery, HP Presario R3000 Battery(compaq r3000 battery), in a normal cell phone use lithium batteries will naturally activated. If you insist on spreading the use of "the three previous 12-hour long activation charge" approach, in fact there will be no effect.

Therefore, all the pursuit of super-long 12-hour rechargeable lithium battery cell phone use and the integration of the practice of automatic shutdown, are wrong. If you have previously done in accordance with the wrong argument, please correct in time, perhaps not too late.

Of course, cell phones and chargers to protect themselves and control circuit good quality cases, HP Presario R3000 Battery the protection of lithium batteries is still quite guaranteed. Therefore, the charge is the focus of understanding of the rules, and in some cases also may make some concessions. For example you find in your cell phone the night before bed charge, you can also start charging before going to bed. Crux of the problem, you should know what the right thing, and do not deliberately wrong to do so in accordance with.

Would like to younet with friends on the concerted efforts to grasp the knowledge about lithium batteries lithium batteries and learn the proper use of the scientific method, early in the lithium battery cell phone has long been an error with the spread and practice of saying good-bye.

Interpretation of cell phone lithium battery charge Mistakes

Some friends in to theMobile Phone BatteryCharging, charging that the longer the longer the use of time, in fact, it is wrong. Let's look at the most commonly used in the original volume of lithium-ion batteries are generally used (GB/T18287 2000 specification),laptop battery the first constant current charging, ie a current will, while the battery voltage is gradually increased as the charging process, when the battery terminal voltage to reach 4.2V (or 4.1V), constant current charging to constant voltage charging change, that is, a certain voltage, current batteries based on the degree of saturation, with the charging process to continue to gradually reduce, when reduced to 0.01C, that the charge Termination. (C is the control current of the battery nominal capacity of a representation, such as the battery is a 1000mAh capacity, 1C charge current is 1000mA,, Sony PCGA-BP2NY Battery, Sony PCGA-BP2R Battery, attention mA is not Ah, 0.01C is 10mA.)

Why do you think the charge end of the 0.01C: This is the national standard GB/T18287-2000 under discussion is arrived at. There used to be common to 20mA to end, the Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications is the industry standard YD/T998-1999 such a requirement, that is, no matter how much battery capacity, and stop current is 20mA. GB 0.01C contribute to charge under the fuller, right through the identification of a party manufacturers benefit. In addition, the national standard provides for charging time is not more than 8 hours, that is, even if not yet reached 0.01C, 8 hours to, and also believe that the end of charge.

Therefore, the quality is no problem of batteries should be within 8 hours to reach 0.01C, the poor quality of the battery, then charge down meaningless. Lithium-ion or lithium polymer rechargeable battery pack for the best rate of 1C, which means a 1000 mAh battery packs should 1000mA current fast charge to charge such a rate can be achieved the shortest charge time, and will not reduce the battery performance and shorten the life. For the ever-increasing capacity of the battery group, want to achieve this satisfactory charging rates,Sony laptop battery increase charge current value is inevitable.

Lithium-ion battery nominal voltage 3.7V (or 3.6V), charging cut-off voltage 4.2V (or 4.1V, the batteries under the brands have a different design). How to distinguish battery is 4.1V or 4.2V: consumers do not distinguish between, it depends on batteries manufacturers product specifications. Some brands of batteries are 4.1V and 4.2V common, such as A & TB (Toshiba), the domestic manufacturers is basically 4.2V. The 4.1V to 4.2V rechargeable batteries for what will happen: will increase battery capacity, feels good to use, standby time increases, but will shorten the battery life. For example the original 500, reduced to 300. Similarly, the 4.2V of the overcharge batteries, it will lower its short-lived. Lithium-ion batteries is very delicate. Since the battery inside a protective plate, we can rest assured it: No, because the shield is the cut-off parameter 4.35V (this is good, the bad to 4.4 to 4.5V), protection board is to meet in case, if the per times are too rechargeable, the battery will soon decay.

Therefore, the charge is usually eight hours, excessive time is also to no avail.

How do I charge the battery for a new

The use of lithium batteries should be noted that a period of time after the battery is placed into hibernation, lower than normal capacity at this time, use of time has also come to shorten. However, lithium batteries can easily activated, as long as after 3--5 times the normal charge-discharge cycles the battery can be activated to restore to normal capacity. As the lithium battery's own characteristics, its decision is almost no memory effect. Mobile phones so users of the new lithium battery in the activation process does not require special methods and equipment. Not only the theory that, from my own practice point of view, from the outset, a standard method of charging such"Natural activation"Approach is the best.

For the lithium battery"Activation"The problem, many say is: recharge time must be more than12Hours, repeated three times to do in order to activate the battery. Such"The first three charge should be sufficient12Hours"The argument is obviously from the nickel battery (such as nickel cadmium and nickel metal hydride) inherited from the argument., Sony PCGA-BP2NY Battery, Sony PCGA-BP2R Battery, Therefore, Sony PCGA-BP2NY Battery, this argument can be said that a beginning of miscommunication. Lithium batteries and nickel battery charge and discharge characteristics are very big difference, but also very clear to tell you that I have gone through all the serious official stressed that technical information and charge-off will discharge lithium batteries, especially lithium liquid ion battery causing great harm. Accordance with the standard charge and therefore the best time and the standard method of charging, in particular, is not to carry out more than12Long charging hours. Typically, the statement introduced mobile phone charging method is suitable for the mobile phone standard method of charging.

Lithium battery cell phone or the charger will automatically stop after the battery is full charge, there is no electricity nickel charger for the so-called continuous10Hours of"Trickle"Charge. In other words, if your lithium batteries in full, on the white charger is also sufficient. And we can not guarantee that no one battery charge and discharge protection circuit features and never change and the quality of fail-safe, so your battery will be a long-term at the brink of danger. This is also another charge against the chief reason.

In addition, in some mobile phones, charging more than a certain time, if they do not remove the charger, this time not only to stop charging system will start to discharge--Charge cycle. Perhaps the makers of this approach has its own purpose, it is clear that the battery and cell phone/Charger is detrimental in terms of life expectancy. At the same time, long charging would take a long time, often at night, but to our power grid situation, at night in many places higher than the voltage, but also volatile. As already said, the lithium batteries is very precious, and it more than nickel in the electric charge and discharge aspects of fluctuations in the capacity of resistance is much less, so this brings additional risk.

In addition, another aspect can not be ignored is the lithium battery is also not suitable for over-discharge, over-discharge of lithium batteries is also very unfavorable. This leads to the following questions.

Li-ion battery cell phone right way:

I lithium batteries used in mobile phone charging and discharging, the most important tips are:

1, in accordance with standards and procedures, charging time, even the first three have to do so;

2, When the phone prompts when electricity is too low, we should try to begin charging a timely manner;

3, lithium batteries do not need to activate the special method, Sony PCGA-BP2R Battery, in a normal cell phone use lithium batteries will naturally activated. If you insist on spreading the use of "the three previous12Hour long activation charge "approach, in fact there will be no effect.

Therefore, all the pursuit of12Long hours Li-ion battery charging and to mobile phones used in the practice of automatic shutdown, , Sony PCGA-BP2NY Battery, Sony PCGA-BP2R Battery, are wrong. If you have previously done in accordance with the wrong argument, please correct in time, perhaps not too late.

Of course, cell phones and chargers to protect themselves and control circuit of good quality cases, the protection of lithium batteries is still quite guaranteed. Therefore, the charge is the focus of understanding of the rules, and in some cases also may make some concessions. For example you find in your cell phone the night before bed charge, you can also start charging before going to bed. Crux of the problem, you should know what the right thing, and do not deliberately wrong to do so in accordance with.

Rechargeable lithium batteries with the knowledge of mobile phone

Principles of integrated presentation of mobile phone charger

All mobile phone charger actually made up of a stable power supply (mainly regulated power supply,laptop battery to provide a stable operating voltage and sufficient current) with the necessary constant, pressure limited, time-bound and other control circuit.

Original charger (referring to the line charge) on the labeling of the output parameter: for example, the output 4. 4V/1A, the output 5.9V/400mA ... ... refers to the internal power supply of the relevant parameters. To understand this truth, you are know a (good quality) mobile phone charger is easy to change a good quality of the regulated power supply! For example output 4.4V to 4.5V device can be used, 5.9V to 6V of equipment that can be used ... ...

Mobile commonly used lithium-ion (lion) battery charger uses a constant current charging system voltage limit, charge current is generally used around ---- C2 which adopts a two-hour charge rate, for example 500mah rechargeable battery using 250ma about two hours up to 4. 2V and then constant voltage charging.

lion batteries are not suitable for use NIMH battery charger used for high-level rapid detection of fast-charging -DV/DT, because lion battery charge current, there are strict limitations. lithium-ion (Li +) is very lively, high-current charge is easy to be dangerous.

Have access to the domestic famous lion-ion batteries manufacturer's technical staff, based on their destructive experimental report: The normal circumstances lion battery (batteries) in the discharge (including the short-circuit) are generally not an explosion,Sony laptop battery
Sony PCGA-BP1N Battery, Sony PCGA-BP2NX Battery, but the likely to be overheating and burning, but the more serious charge over-current situation is very prone to explode!

Currently appearing on the market can be for a nominal 250mah --- 2500mah battery "universal cell phone charger," in fact is very dangerous, and its lack of battery capacity testing, using a fixed output current for different batteries, the not the cause of charging time is too long lead to over-current charge, Sony laptop battery it is recommended you do not have as wonderful!

Now USB mobile phone charger, only do not use a computer USB port are available in a relatively stable power supply from the computer 5. 0v voltage as the charging voltage source, and then also backed up by relevant circuit and pose a USB mobile phone charger, the output Quality In addition to USB port maximum output current is subject to, the key is determined by charging circuit of the design and materials, the pros and cons of the. Therefore, we want to buy design a more reasonable, reputable brand-name maker of the product.

How do I charge the battery in use for a new lithium batteries should be noted that a period of time after the battery is placed into hibernation, lower than normal capacity at this time, use of time has also come to shorten. However, lithium batteries can easily activated, as long as after 3-5 times the normal charge-discharge cycles the battery can be activated to restore to normal capacity. As the lithium battery's own characteristics, its decision is almost no memory effect.

Mobile phones so users of the new lithium battery in the activation process does not require special methods and equipment. Not only the theory that, from my own practice point of view, from the outset on the use of standard method of charging that "activation" approach is the best.

For the lithium battery "activate" problem, many say is: recharge time must be more than 12 hours, repeated three times to do in order to activate the battery. This "The first three charging more than 12 hours to charge" was obviously from the nickel battery (such as nickel cadmium and nickel metal hydride) inherited from the argument. Therefore, this argument can be said that a beginning of miscommunication. Lithium batteries and nickel battery charge and discharge characteristics are very big difference, but also very clear to tell you that I have gone through all the serious official stressed that technical information and charge-off will discharge lithium batteries, especially lithium liquid ion battery causing great harm. Accordance with the standard charge and therefore the best time and the standard method of charging, in particular, not to carry out more than 12 hours of super-long charge. Typically, the statement introduced mobile phone charging method is suitable for the mobile phone standard method of charging.

In addition, lithium batteries cell phone or the charger will automatically stop after the battery is full charge, there is no electricity nickel charger for 10 hours of the so-called "trickle" charge. In other words, if your lithium batteries in full, on the white charger is also sufficient. Sony PCGA-BP1N Battery,And we can not guarantee that no one battery charge and discharge protection circuit features and never change and the quality of fail-safe, so your battery will be a long-term at the brink of danger. This is also another charge against the chief reason.

In addition, in some mobile phones, charging more than a certain time, if they do not remove the charger, this time not only to stop charging system will start to discharge - charge cycle. Perhaps the makers of this approach has its own purpose, it is clear that the battery and cell phone / charger is detrimental in terms of life expectancy. At the same time, long charging would take a long time, often at night, but to our power grid situation, at night in many places higher than the voltage, but also volatile. As already said, the lithium batteries is very precious, and it more than nickel in the electric charge and discharge aspects of fluctuations in the capacity of resistance is much less, so this brings additional risk.

In addition, another aspect can not be ignored is the lithium battery is also not suitable for over-discharge,Sony laptop battery
Sony PCGA-BP1N Battery, Sony PCGA-BP2NX Battery, over-discharge of lithium batteries is also very unfavorable. This leads to the following questions.

2, normal use should be when to start charging

In our forums, often see this argument, because the number of charging and discharging is limited, so phone the battery should be used up as much as possible recharge. But I found one on the lithium-ion battery charge and discharge cycle test table, on the cycle life data is as follows:

Cycle life (10% DOD):> 1000 times

Cycle life (100% DOD):> 200 times

DOD is the depth of discharge in which the English abbreviation. Can be seen from the table may be the depth of charge and discharge times, 10% DOD cycle life than when the 100% DOD for much longer. Of course, if the actual charge equivalent to the relative total capacity: 10% * 1000 = 100,100% * 200 = 200, the latter a full charge and discharge, or better than some, but in front of friends do say that some of the amendments: Under normal case, you should have a reserve battery power is left in accordance with the principle of charging run out of charge again, but if your battery in your first two days can not be expected to persist throughout the day, when they should start on time charge, of course, if you are willing to back the charger to the office again a different matter.

And you need to recharge in order to cope with the anticipated upcoming busy communications will lead to an important event, even though there are a lot of battery power over time, then you just charge ahead, because you are not really lost, "a" sub-charge cycle life , that is, Sony PCGA-BP2NX Battery, "0.x" times only, and often this x will be very small. Run out of battery power and then filling the remainder of the principle is not want you to go to the extreme. And long, like charging a widespread view that "as far as possible the cell phone battery power used up,

Best to use automatic shutdown. "This is really just practice on nickel batteries, The purpose is to avoid the memory effect occurs, unfortunately, it is also spread of lithium batteries on this. It has been too low because the cell phone battery warning appears still do not charge to continue to use the example has been used in automatic shutdown. the results of this case, cell phone charging and starting later in the no response, had to give customer service overhaul. this is in fact a result of the excessive discharge as a result of the battery voltage is too low , so that does not have the normal charge and the boot and conditions.

3, for lithium batteries cell phones right way

To sum up, I lithium batteries used in mobile phone charging and discharging, the most important tips are:

1, in accordance with standards and procedures, charging time, even the first three have to do so;

2, When the phone prompts when electricity is too low, we should try to begin charging a timely manner;

3, lithium batteries do not need to activate the special method, Sony laptop battery
Sony PCGA-BP1N Battery, Sony PCGA-BP2NX Battery,in a normal cell phone use lithium batteries will naturally activated. If you insist on spreading the use of "the three previous 12-hour long activation charge" approach, in fact there will be no effect.

Therefore, all the pursuit of super-long 12-hour rechargeable lithium battery cell phone use and the integration of the practice of automatic shutdown, are wrong. If you have previously done in accordance with the wrong argument, please correct in time, perhaps not too late.

Of course, cell phones and chargers to protect themselves and control circuit of good quality cases, the protection of lithium batteries is still quite guaranteed. Therefore, the charge is the focus of understanding of the rules, and in some cases also may make some concessions. For example you find in your cell phone the night before bed charge, you can also start charging before going to bed. Crux of the problem, you should know what the right thing, and do not deliberately wrong to do so in accordance with.

In other words, a new generation of cells have not so much stress, and more convenient, casually when I wanted to charge to charge it, as long as no charge blasting machine like!

On the cell phone lithium battery of knowledge

Basically, the current mobile phone equipped with lithium-ion batteries are the batteries, laptop battery so I say below is for the lithium-ion battery charging knowledge. Ni-MH battery is different, here talk about.

1, the basic concepts:

1, lithium-ion battery nominal voltage 3.7V (3.6V), charging cut-off voltage 4.2V (4.1V, according to the label batteries have a different design). (Lithium-ion batteries standard argument is: Lithium-ion rechargeable battery)

2 pairs of lithium-ion battery charging requirements (GB/T18287 2000 norms): First of all constant current charging, ie a current will, while the battery voltage is gradually increased as the charging process, when the battery terminal voltage to reach 4.2V (4.1V), constant change flow charge for the constant voltage charging, that is, a certain voltage, current batteries based on the degree of saturation, with the charging process, continue to gradually reduce, when reduced to 0.01C, that the termination charge.

(C is the control current of the battery nominal capacity of a representation, Fujitsu Laptop Battery
Fujitsu FPCBP80 Battery, Fujitsu FPCBP77 Battery,such as the battery is a 1000mAh capacity, 1C charge current is 1000mA, attention mA is not the mAh, 0.01C is 10mA.) Of course, the standard representation of 0.01 C5A, I have here simplified.

3, Why do you think the charge end of the 0.01C: This is the national standard GB/T18287-2000 under discussion is arrived at. There used to be common to 20mA to end, the Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications is the industry standard YD/T998-1999 such a requirement, that is, Fujitsu Laptop Battery no matter how much battery capacity, and stop current is 20mA. GB 0.01C contribute to charge under the fuller, right through the identification of a party manufacturers benefit. In addition, the national standard provides for charging time is not more than 8 hours, that is, even if not yet reached 0.01C, 8 hours to, and also believe that the end of charge. (No problem, the quality of the battery, should be within 8 hours to reach 0.01C, the poor quality of the battery, wait and meaningless),

4, how to distinguish battery is 4.1V or 4.2V: consumers do not distinguish between, it depends on batteries manufacturers product specifications. Some brands of batteries are 4.1V and 4.2V common, such as A & TB (Toshiba), the domestic manufacturers is basically 4.2V, but there are exceptions, such as Tianjin is the power of God 4.1V (but also by a 4.2V).

5, the 4.1V to 4.2V rechargeable batteries for what will happen: will increase battery capacity, feels good to use, standby time increases, but will shorten the battery life. For example the original 500, reduced to 300. Similarly, the 4.2V of the overcharge batteries, it will lower its short-lived. Lithium-ion batteries is very delicate.

6, since the battery inside a protective plate, we can rest assured it: No, because the shield is the cut-off parameter 4.35V (this is good, the bad to 4.4 to 4.5V), protection board is to cope with the event, and If each overcharge, the battery will soon decay.

7, much of the charge current be appropriate: In theory, the smaller the battery the better. But you can not order a battery charge, etc. 3 days bar. GB provides low-magnification charge is 0.2C (standard arbitration charge), but also to the above-capacity 1000mAh battery, for example, is 200mA, Fujitsu FPCBP80 Battery, then we can estimate only the battery out of more than 5 hours to charge saturation. (MAh = current capacity mA × time h)

Identification of national technical supervision departments lithium capacity, based on high-rate charge of 1C to 0.2C of low discharge rate in order to calculate the capacity value of time, test number 5 times, there is a second volume to reach end of the trial. (That is, 5 times the opportunity to pass if the first test, and the back four times not do) to detect prior to allow a pre-cycle, is to 1C constant-current charge to 4.2V to stop, but not behind the constant pressure to 0.01 C, the process, much less 14 hours.

8, lithium-ion batteries can withstand much charge current: factory tests can be high, but the elevation of magnification the provisions of the country 1C, also to the above battery, for example, can be filled with more than 1 hours. Such a large charge current, battery can bear do? For the current lithium-ion batteries, is only a mere trifle.

There are no national standards on the charger, the implementation is the Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications industry standard YD/T998 1999 / 2,Fujitsu Laptop Battery
Fujitsu FPCBP80 Battery, Fujitsu FPCBP77 Battery, which provides for the current charger not more than 1C.

9, life is what provides that: it simply refers to the battery through the N sub-1C charge, 1C discharge, the capacity dropped to 70% at this time,Fujitsu FPCBP77 Battery, N is the life span. Not to say that 300 times without being able to use their 301 can not be used in. GB provides life shall not be less than 300 times. We are usually not detected when the conditions for the use of such a harsh, life will be longer.

Having said that the concept (do not bother, there are a lot did not say), finally it can be said of the charger. So long chargers currently on the market situation is like?

HP announces 24,600 layoffs in wake of EDS acquisition

HPÂ will lay off about 24,600 employees over the next three years in an effort to streamline the company following its $13.9 billion acquisition of Electronic Data Systems last month, the company announced Monday.

The layoffs will be part of a three-year restructuring program, HP said in a statement. Hp laptop battery The company will lay off about 7.5 percent of its workers during that time, with nearly half of the reductions coming from HP's U.S. workforce, HP said. About half the cuts will take place in 2009.

Half of the positions will eventually be replaced, the company said.

"I can assure you, we will nail this integration," HP Chairman and CEO Mark Hurd told financial analysts in a meeting at HP's headquarters that was webcast. The company has mastered integration while buying 30 companies in the past three-and-a-half years, he said.

"We do believe the synergized companies are in a pretty damn strong market position," Hurd said.

The restructuring program is expected to save HP about US$1.8 billion each year, Hp laptop battery
HP F4098A Battery, HP F4809A Battery, HP F4812A Battery,HP said. HP will take a $1.7 billion charge in the fourth quarter of 2008 related to the restructuring program.

The acquisition of systems integrator EDS was intended to give HP a comprehensive portfolio of IT products to help customers manage and improve their technology systems, HP said.

"HP now has the broadest technology capabilities in the market to meet customer needs today and in the future," HP F4098A Battery, Hurd said in a prepared statement. "HP has a strong track record of making acquisitions and integrating them to capture leading market positions."

In addition to the job cuts, HP plans to cut costs through synergies in real estate, IT infrastructure and procurement contracts, Hurd said. The integration team has had about 500 full-time and 1,000 part-time members, according to HP.

HP expects EDS to add about $3.5 billion in revenue in the fourth quarter of fiscal 2008, ending in October. In fiscal 2009, it should add between $21.1 billion and $21.3 billion, and in the following year, between $21.7 billion and $22.1 billion.

Costs of the deal will cut HP's earnings per share by between $0.17 per share and $0.19 per share in the fourth quarter, and between $0.06 and $0.11 in fiscal year 2009. By fiscal year 2010, it should add between $0.11 and $0.16 per share,HP F4809A Battery, the company said. The company still stands by the fourth-quarter forecast it gave after announcing third-quarter results on Aug. 19.

The acquisition has been well-received overall within EDS' Agility Alliance, a group of partners that includes HP rivals such as Sun and Dell, Hurd said. Most members, even those considered competitors, have reacted favorably, he said, but "a couple" have been less welcoming, he said. Following the acquisition, HP will not force its own products on all its services customers, Hurd said.

Ongoing cost-cutting efforts at HP even before the EDS deal have prepared HP to carry out the coming cuts appropriately, Hurd said. The company has cut its costs twice as much in 2008 as in the year before and will cut even more next year, he said.

"This is a really tough day for us," Hurd said. "As easy as it is to put numbers on paper ...Hp laptop battery
HP F4098A Battery, HP F4809A Battery, HP F4812A Battery, We've got to go do tough stuff."

HP shares (HPQP) were up $0.37 at $45.70 in after-hours trading on Monday after falling $1.64 during the regular trading day on the New York Stock Exchange.

In fact, Hurd reiterated his commitment to make HP's cost structure even more variable and flexible.

Looking for real synergies with EDS

In recessionary times, the IT companies that best absorb the financial body blows will inevitably be the stronger ones left standing once the global economy rebounds. HP will continue implementing rigorous cost controls and new initiatives such as across-the-board salary reductions to make itself as sturdy as possible (for example, HP F4812A Battery, Hurd will take a 20% cut). In addition, HP's success with a full integration of EDS may prove the linchpin to its post-recession track.

HP's Services revenues, primarily due to EDS, increased 116% compared to last year, generating about one-third of the company's total quarterly profit. IT Outsourcing was by far the greatest revenue generator, with $3.9 billion, followed by Application Services with $1.6 billion and BPO with $743 million.

Even with the recession, Hurd said customer response from a HP-EDS combination continues to be positive, although he declined to provide additional details on progress with the EDS integration plan other than to say it remains ahead of schedule. He said HP with EDS is in a position to deliver additional services as customers continue “leaning on cost takeout” in their IT investment plans. We acknowledge that some customers may turn to EDS and its outsourcing capabilities in the name of efficiency, but questions remain around how HP's ongoing EDS integration will deliver the kind of leveraged, full suite of HP hardware, software and services that many expect. Executives from HP's Technology Solutions Group (TSG) – the group that includes EDS – are scheduled to address industry analysts at the end of March, and expectations not surprisingly are running high.

HP adds touchscreen to Mini netbook

Hewlett-Packard on Wednesday revamped its line of Mini netbooks, also introducing its first model with a touchscreen that supports multitouch finger input.

The Mini 5102 netbook comes with a 10.1-inch screen that supports input through two fingers. Hp laptop battery The touchscreen can be used as an alternative to mice to zoom into maps, scroll through documents or manipulate images.

Priced at US$399, the device is targeted at mobile professionals and students. The device is designed to let users surf the Web and run basic applications like word processing.

The netbook is expected to be displayed at the International Consumer Electronics Show to be held in Las Vegas between Jan. 7 and 10. The show is turning into a launchpad for touchscreen netbooks. HP rival Lenovo on Tuesday announced the S10-3T netbook with a touchscreen, which will also be on display at the show.

HP already ships a range of touch-enabled desktops and laptops, but the capability is new to the company's netbooks. Use of touch in the 5102 may vary depending on the user, said Kyle Thornton, business notebook manager at HP.

"If I hand this to a businessperson, maybe they would say 'Oh, this is a nice feature, but I don't need it.' If you hand it to a student,HP 319411-001 Battery, HP Presario 2100 Battery(compaq 2100 Battery), HP Presario 2500 Battery(compaq 2500 battery), it's a different [mentality] where they have grown up on touch devices," Thornton said.

HP's touch-enabled TouchSmart PCs come with specific applications that enable touch applications. But HP doesn't have development revolving around touch applications for netbooks yet, Thornton said. The netbook will be based around the generic Windows interface.

The netbook however includes some interesting features like face recognition that automates tasks like user log-in and Web surfing. HP 319411-001 Battery, A built-in webcam automatically recognizes a user's face to log in to the PC. Software also allows users to sync multimedia from the netbook with other PCs in a home.

The Mini 5102 is 0.91 inches thin and weighs just 2.64 pounds (1.2 kilograms). The device uses Intel's latest Atom N450 processors, which should give the netbook more battery life than previous Atom chips, Thornton said. Battery options include a four-cell battery, which offers a 4.5-hour battery life, and a six-cell battery with 10 hours of run time. The netbook supports solid-state drive storage and includes multiple wireless connectivity options including Wi-Fi and mobile 3G broadband.

The netbook will be available by the end of January with the Windows 7, Windows XP, Suse Linux or FreeDOS operating systems.

HP also introduced newly designed Mini 210 and 2102 netbooks for consumers based on the latest Atom processor. The netbooks come with 10.1-inch screens and offer longer battery life than their predecessors, according to the company. The new Atom processor, launched in December, includes integrated graphics capabilities that will be able to play back 720p video. For those who want full 1080p high-definition video on netbooks, HP is offering Broadcom's video accelerator as an option. The Mini 210 is priced starting at $299.99, while the Mini 2102 is priced starting at $329. Both laptops will be available starting Jan. 7.

HP closes EDS deal, preserves leadership team

HPÂ said Tuesday that it has completed its US$13.9 billion purchase of massive systems integrator EDS, and it also revealed that EDS' top-level management structure would remain largely unchanged.

HP had already made it clear that EDS president and CEO Ron Rittenmeyer, would continue in a leadership role. On Tuesday, HP Presario 2100 Battery it confirmed that Rittenmeyer's direct reports would include key executives from EDS continuing in their roles as vice presidents overseeing various regions of the world as well as functions such as global sales, transformation, outsourcing and marketing.

HP's senior vice president of HP Outsourcing Services, Andy Mattes, will now report to Rittenmeyer in the role of senior vice president of applications services. Executives in other roles, such as finance, IT, human resources and legal, will report to HP executives.

The lack of a top-level management shuffle or purge did not surprise one industry observer.

"No real surprises here so far," said Forrester Research analyst Paul Roehrig, via e-mail.HP 319411-001 Battery, HP Presario 2100 Battery(compaq 2100 Battery), HP Presario 2500 Battery(compaq 2500 battery), "It's very much in line with the original strategy to fold much of the legacy HP services capability into the EDS management framework."

EDS will handle outsourcing services previously provided by HP's Technology Solutions Group, which will focus instead on designing, installing and maintaining systems for customers, HP said.

HP plans to reveal more about its plans for EDS on Sept. 15,HP Presario 2500 Battery when CEO Mark Hurd appears at a meeting Webcast for securities analysts.

The massive deal -- which sets up a pitched battle between HP and IBM for dominance in the services arena -- created a combined services business with nearly $40 billion in annual revenue and more than 200,000 employees as of the end of fiscal 2007, according to HP.

HP, Vatican bring Apostolic Library online

HP, Vatican bring Apostolic Library online

Hewlett-Packard Co. (HP) has been tapped by Pope John Paul II to provide public online access to the Vatican's Apostolic Library, which will include posting images of manuscripts that have only been accessible to professional scholars and professors, Hp laptop battery HP said in a joint statement with the Vatican Tuesday.

As part of its philanthropy program, HP of Palo Alto, California, has been providing its infrastructure technology to assist the Vatican with adding Apostolic Library access to its existing Web site, as well as building faster access to the Vatican Library site and facilitating navigation of the bibliographic database, according to the statement.

"The Library is open to the general public over the Web site today as part of the latest update and upgrade to what we've been doing with the Vatican. You can now see things such as a manuscript from Michelangelo, and there will be more information and images available online as time goes on," said Didier Philippe, director of strategy and corporate development for HP EMEA (Europe, the Middle East and Africa) and chairman of the board for HP EMEA philanthropy, education and intellectual property.

The Apostolic Vatican Library, founded by Pope Nicholas V (1447-1455), houses 1.6 million antique and modern printed volumes specializing in the fields of paleography, history, art history, classical literature and philology. It also contains 8,300 incunabula (books printed before 1501, of which 65 are printed on vellum), 150,000 manuscript and records volumes, 300,000 coins and medals, and more than 100,000 prints.

"HP has been providing the Vatican with hardware, equipment support, Web consultancy and even Web design help since the project began in February 2001. HP Presario NX9010 Battery, Hardware includes servers, mainly HP-UX," Philippe said.

As part of the partnership, HP has also supplied high-resolution imaging and printing devices, including the DesignJet 5000,HP Presario NX9010 Battery, HP Presario NX9000 Battery
HP F2299A Battery, HP F3172A Battery, and digital cameras to the library for the purposes of reproducing manuscripts and publications, Philippe said.

Last November, the Vatican demonstrated what it called the Catholic Church's commitment to modern forms of social communication when it published an official document over the Internet for the first time. Specifically, copies of the Pope's apostolic exhortation "Ecclesia in Oceania" (The Church in Oceania) -- normally delivered by the Pope in person -- were sent by e-mail to dioceses around the region, which also includes Australia, New Zealand and a host of island states dotted over the Pacific Ocean.

The Vatican has had its catalogue of modern printed volumes available online since 1985 and has worked with such companies as IBM Corp., and for the last 10 years, HP, to update and refine its Web site.

"Because of the value of some of the manuscripts, only professional scholars and professors could physically see them after asking in writing for permission from the Vatican to do so. Though there will be the same restrictions to see these works in person, people can now see the Library's collection online. We are doing similar work with museums throughout Europe and Africa, and there will also be enhancements and developments to the Vatican's Web site as is needed," Philippe said.

The Apostolic Library information will be available on the Vatican Library's existing Web site starting tonight, European time.

HP sends letter to muzzle Sun's Schwartz

Sun Microsystems Inc.'s high-profile President and Chief Operating Officer Jonathan Schwartz has struck a raw nerve with his inflammatory Weblog entries which has led to Hewlett-Packard Co. HP Presario NX9000 Battery (HP) sending a letter of demand to Sun to put an end to the commentary.

HP has confirmed a letter was sent earlier this week demanding Schwartz stop using his blog to comment on HP's strategic direction.

The HP spokesman declined to provide any details about the content of the letter except to say it specifically refers to Schwartz's Weblog commentary about HP.

Schwartz has not been shy with his statements about HP's strategies, particularly regarding its Unix operating system, HP-UX.

In a blog entry, dated August 18, Schwartz referred to HP-UX as a "dying" operating system.

"To me, HP's problems spawn from the death of... their operating system, HP/UX," Schwartz wrote. "Like IBM, they've elected to ask their customers and ISVs to move to Red Hat Linux or Microsoft Windows on x86 systems. And if you're an ISV, how does that differentiate HP? -- they're a box vendor. If you're a customer, where does that leave you with your HP/UX investments? Facing untimely change -- with a vendor no longer in charge of their OS."

Naturally, HP vehemently denies such claims and views them as verging on defamation to the extent that it feels a formal letter is in order. Schwartz is also of the opinion that "our commitment to Solaris highlights the demise of HP/UX".

"HP/UX won't even run on HP's own industry standard servers," he wrote. "As an ISV told me last week, HP F2299A Battery, HP F3172A Battery,'I come to Sun, you tell me to write to Java, then write to Solaris. Clear as a bell'. If you're an HP customer or ISV, have some fun, ask your HP rep the same question: what should I write to?"

This comes at a time when HP has announced that it has gained more than 200 Sun server customers over the past 18 months.

"In financial services alone, HP has won more than 40 significant deals from Sun Microsystems,"HP Presario NX9010 Battery, HP Presario NX9000 Battery
HP F2299A Battery, HP F3172A Battery, a HP media release stated. "The 200 HP customer wins include Bank of Bolivariano of Ecuador, Belkin, Dynamic Net, Forbes.com and The University of Hong Kong."

Belkin's CEO Chet Pipkin said in the release: "When we replaced Sun Solaris with HP to run our business-critical systems, we were able to significantly reduce our total cost of ownership and deliver an average performance increase of 250 percent."

Schwartz has also taken aim at HP's decision to move to Intel as its standard architecture.

"While HP tells its customers to 'change' (we're still not sure 'to' what, I'm more comfortable with the 'from' part)," he wrote. "Because no matter what the ads say, what customers don't want is unnecessary... change."

Lithium-ion batteries store three to four times more energy per unit mass than traditional batteries

This novel reaction process, resembling a wave sweeping through the crystal, explains how two insulating materials (one in the charged state and the other in the discharged state) can nonetheless make lithium-ion batteries function. Dell XPS M1210 Battery,These results are an important step forward in the quest for new low cost and safer electrode materials for future lithium IBM ThinkPad Z60t Battery . The research has also made it possible to understand the processes taking place at the nanometer scale in lithium iron phosphate-based batteries, which may be used in tomorrow’s hybrid and electric cars.

Their experimentally verified “domino-cascade model” shows that local stresses within the material allow electrical and ionic conduction to spread from one area to the next,Dell XPS M1210 Battery, Dell XPS M1330 Battery, Dell XPS M140 Battery, Dell XPS M1530 Battery, making the battery function. These results open new horizons in the search for improved IBM ThinkPad Z61t Battery electrode materials and help explain how tomorrow’s electric car batteries work.

Notes:

(1) Institut de chimie de la matière condensée de Bordeaux, ICMCB, (CNRS / Université de Bordeaux / ENSCPB).

(2) CEA-Liten : Laboratoire d’innovation pour les technologies des énergies nouvelles et les nanomatériaux.

In the future, these applications may rely on lithium iron phosphate: it is environmentally friendly and has exceptional properties combined with low cost and good thermal stability (important for safety reasons). All these qualities make it the best candidate to be used in lithium IBM ThinkPad X40 Battery for future electric cars. However, Dell XPS M1330 Battery, his material does not have the ionic and electrical conduction properties needed to make the electrode work.

Why does lithium iron phosphate, a candidate for use in future lithium IBM ThinkPad X41 Battery, conduct electricity despite being an insulating material? Chemists at CNRS (1), working in collaboration with a team from CEA-Liten (2), have shed light on this paradox.

CNRS chemists from the Institut de chimie de la matière condensée de Bordeaux (ICMCB) and their partners from CEA-Liten became the first to explain this paradox. By studying lithium iron phosphate, they showed that the battery’s IBM ThinkPad T40 Battery charge-discharge cycles are made possible by a “domino cascade process.” This phenomenon occurs as soon as stresses are present at the interface between the discharging material and the material in the discharged state. Electrical and ionic conduction is then extremely rapid in the interfacial zone, propagating from one spot to the next like dominos as the interface moves.Dell XPS M1210 Battery, Dell XPS M1330 Battery, Dell XPS M140 Battery, Dell XPS M1530 Battery, The model has been verified by microscopic measurements.

Lithium-ion batteries, which store three to four times more energy per unit mass than traditional batteries, are now used extensively in portable electronic devices (computers, cell phones, MP3 players, etc.). The positive electrode materials in these IBM ThinkPad T43 Battery are highly effective but too expensive to be used in the large batteries needed for electric vehicles and second generation hybrid vehicles.

Department of Energy as a 2010 goal for a hydrogen storage material for transportation

Metal hydrides also store hydrogen, Dell XPS M140 Battery,though not as well, but recently it’s been shown that a combination of the two not only can store significant quantifies of hydrogen but also can release it at lower temperatures than the lithium amide alone (about 100 degrees Celsius) while generating much less ammonia.

The abundant element hydrogen could play a role in replacing carbon-based fuels for transportation in the future, but researchers first must develop a method to store and release large amounts of the highly flammable Dell Latitude D810 Battery, odorless invisible gas economically and safely. There are materials that are known to trap relatively large quantities of hydrogen, at normal pressures, but to date they all require heating to fairly high temperatures to release the hydrogen.

“I found that the mobility of small ions in the mixed amide-hydride system greatly improves hydrogen storage properties,” Wu explains. “This finding helps us understand how hydrogen travels in and out of these systems and that may lead to a rational development of better materials for hydrogen storage.”

A materials scientist at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has deciphered the structure of a new class of materials that can store relatively large quantities of hydrogen within its crystal structure for later release Dell Latitude D630 Battery. The new analysis may point to a practical hydrogen storage material for automobile fuel cells and similar applications.

To understand how the compound achieves this, Wu used neutron analysis to work out the atomic structure of the material, which she found consists of layers of calcium between which lithium ions travel rapidly. Dell XPS M1210 Battery, Dell XPS M1330 Battery, Dell XPS M140 Battery, Dell XPS M1530 Battery,The easy travel allows the material to transfer the hydrogen at lower temperatures. Also the hydrogen ions in the amide and hydride mixture combine easily and release hydrogen at lower temperature without creating much ammonia.

Hui Wu, a research associate from the University of Maryland working in a cooperative research program at the NIST Center for Neutron Research,Dell XPS M1530 Battery, has been investigating a new hydrogen storage compound that mixes lithium amide with lightweight metal hydrides Dell Vostro 1000 Battery. Lithium amide can hold more than 10 percent of hydrogen by weight, well above the 6 percent target set by the U.S. Department of Energy as a 2010 goal for a hydrogen storage material for transportation. The material absorbs and releases hydrogen reversibly, but both absorbing and releasing the hydrogen requires high temperatures and also produces a toxic byproduct, ammonia.